Chapter One
1. What are the six links in the management of hazardous chemicals?
A: Production, storage, use, transportation, operation, waste disposal
2. What are the two types of chemical explosions? What are their respective characteristics?
A: Physical explosions and chemical explosions. A chemical explosion is a redox reaction.
3. What are the laws related to hazardous chemicals?
A: "Safety Production Law of the People's Republic of China", "Regulations on the Safety Management of Dangerous Chemicals", "Regulations on the Administration of Civil Explosives of the People's Republic of China", "Regulations on the Administration of Pesticide Regulations of the People's Republic of China" Wait.
4. What is the definition and characteristics of the accident?
A: Definition: An accident is a general term for an unexpected unexpected event that occurs during a career (production activity). It usually interrupts normal activities, causing casualties or property damage.
Features: (1) causality (unsafe state of things and environment, human unsafe behavior and management defects); (2) inevitability, contingency and regularity; (3) potential, reproducibility; (4) preventable Sex.
5. What is the correct attitude towards the accident?
A: The correct attitude towards the accident is: adhere to the principle of “safety first, prevention firstâ€, standing unrestrained, preparing for danger in times of peace, and putting the focus of work on forecasting and preventing accidents.
6. What are the classifications of employee casualties in enterprises?
A: Classification criteria for employee casualties: object strike, vehicle injury, mechanical injury, lifting injury, electric shock, drowning, burning, fire, falling from height, collapse, roofing, permeable, blasting, gas explosion, gunpowder Explosions, boiler explosions, container explosions, other explosions, poisoning and suffocation, other injuries.
7. What are the unsafe behaviors of people and the unsafe state of things?
A: The main behaviors of people are: 1 in an unsafe manner, speed operation, such as speeding the vehicle, etc. 2 Use unsafe tools to operate, such as using iron in a flammable and explosive place. 3 is unsafe. Position operation, such as under the crane arm or unprotected at high places, etc. 4 in an unsafe state, such as cleaning, repairing, inspecting, etc. during mechanical rotation, 5 unsafe configuration, mixing or contact, such as two A mixture of chemicals that may explode, etc. 6 Do not use or improperly use personal protective equipment, such as wearing a work clothes without "three tight", with gloves when operating the drill machine, etc. 7 unauthorized removal of safety devices or facilities 8 misuse, Such as opening a wrong switch or valve.
The unsafe state of things can be divided into two aspects: machine tools, materials and environment. Its main performance is as follows.
(1) Machine tools and materials: 1 The machine itself has defects, such as insufficient strength, vehicle brakes, "sickness" operation, etc.; 2 mechanical equipment does not have necessary protective devices, facilities, or although it does not meet safety requirements; 3 defects in the placement of workpieces, materials and articles, and logistics defects, such as messy transportation of raw materials inside and outside the workshop; 4 unsafe conditions caused by working methods, such as vertical and cross-operation, etc. 5 unnecessary protective equipment and personal protective equipment , or although it does not meet the requirements; 6 use, produce materials, materials with flammable, toxic, radioactive and corrosive, and no protection. (2) Environmental aspects: 1 Unfavorable outdoor climate, such as unsafe conditions caused by high temperature, low temperature, wind, rain, snow, etc. 2 various occupational hazards and unsafe conditions in time and space, such as poor lighting Temperature, humidity, improper work space, and so on.
8. What does the principle of four do not let go?
A: The principle of "four does not let go": the cause of the accident is not clear and not let go; the responsibility is not investigated and not let go; the employees are not allowed to be educated; the preventive measures are not implemented.
9. What are the hazards of hazardous chemicals accidents?
Answer: (1) Fire and explosion accidents 2 cause acute poisoning and suffocation accidents, and may lead to occupational diseases leading to poisoning or occupational diseases: such as lead, benzene, mercury, sponge, hydrogen sulfide and other production toxic poisoning, and even cancer, etc. 3 cause the environment Pollution. If hazardous chemicals are lost, it may cause serious environmental pollution, which may affect people's health.
10. Countermeasures against accidents and occupational diseases - 3E principles:
A: Engineering, Education, Enforcement
Chapter two
1. What is the definition of a hazardous chemical?
A: Hazardous chemicals are those that have physicochemical risks (flammable, explosive, oxidizing, etc.), biological hazards (toxic, corrosive, etc.) and environmental hazards.
2. What are the basic characteristics of hazardous chemicals?
A: The main hazard characteristics of hazardous chemicals: flammability (flash, fire and spontaneous combustion), explosive, toxic, corrosive, radioactive.
3. What are the major categories of hazardous chemicals?
Answer: 1 Explosives 2 Compressed gases and liquefied gases 3 Flammable liquids 4 Flammable solids, flammable materials and wet combustibles 5 Oxidizers and organic peroxides 6 Toxic substances 7 Radioactive articles 8 Corrosives
4. What kind of ignition source is it divided into?
A: Chemical energy (heat of fusion, heat of decomposition, heat of polymerization, open flame, spontaneous combustion), electrical energy (resistance heat, electric spark, arc, static electricity, lightning),
Mechanical energy (friction, compression, impact), light energy, nuclear energy (ray), high temperature surface, geothermal, volcanic eruption.
5. What are the types of chemical explosions? What are the characteristics?
A: The explosion of hazardous chemicals can be divided into simple decomposition explosions, complex decomposition explosions and explosive mixture explosions according to the explosive reaction substances.
Simple decomposition explosion: an explosive that causes a simple decomposition. The combustion reaction does not necessarily occur at the time of explosion. The heat required for the explosion is generated by the decomposition of the explosive itself. These substances are extremely unstable and can be blasted by vibration, which is very dangerous. In addition, some explosive gases can undergo a simple decomposition explosion under certain conditions, especially under pressure. Complex decomposition explosion: oxygen is contained in the composition. The explosion is often accompanied by combustion. The oxygen required for combustion is generated when it is decomposed by itself. After the explosion, the nearby combustibles are often ignited, causing a large-area fire. Explosive mixture explosion: All flammable gases, vapors, liquid droplets, and explosions of dust and air (oxygen) are examples of this type. The explosion of such mixtures requires certain conditions, such as the concentration of combustibles in the mixture, the oxygen content and the ignition energy. In fact, this kind of explosion is the rapid combustion with impact force that occurs when the combustibles and the combustion-supporting materials are mixed in a certain proportion and then encounter the ignition source.
The sensitivity to external stimuli is low and the risk is also slightly lower.
Chapter III Classification and Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals
1. What is the explosion limit?
A: Also known as the burning limit, it is the concentration range in which a combustible gas or a mixture of steam and air can be exploded or burned by a fire source. It is expressed by the volume percentage of the combustible gas or vapor in the mixture, and sometimes also by the mass of the combustible gas per unit volume.
2. Compressed gases and flammable liquids can be divided into several categories?
Answer: According to the nature of compressed gas and liquefied gas, it can be divided into four categories: toxic gas, flammable gas, combustion-supporting gas, and non-combustible gas.
3. What are the reasons for the leakage of tankers transporting petroleum liquefied gas? How to avoid an explosion or a burning accident?
The reasons for the leakage may be as follows: 1. The boiling point of petroleum liquefied gas is very low, and it is extremely volatile to emit flammable vapor. It is possible that a violent collision occurs during transportation and its vapor escapes. 2. When the flammable liquid is heated, its volume will expand and its vapor pressure will increase. If it is stored in a closed container, if its expansion pressure exceeds the limit pressure that the container itself can withstand, it will cause the container to burst and burst. . In the summer, iron drums containing flammable liquids often explode if they are exposed to heat in the sun. 3. When the tanker is transported, static electricity is often generated due to frictional contact.
Storage and transportation requirements: 1. Control the temperature of the warehouse. When the temperature is high, there are cooling equipment. 2, special library storage, can not be mixed with other dangerous goods. 3, anti-static, anti-collision. 4. It is strictly forbidden to transport by wooden boat or wooden truck. 5, the use of iron tools is prohibited
4. What to do after the acid liquid leaks? What are the similarities and differences between the treatment of sulfuric acid, nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid?
Answer: Emergency treatment of sulfuric acid leakage: 1) Quickly evacuate personnel from the contaminated area to a safe area, and conduct isolation to strictly restrict access. 2) Emergency personnel wear respirators and wear acid and alkali protective clothing. Do not directly touch the spill; 3) Cut off the leak source as much as possible to prevent entry into restricted spaces such as sewers and flood drains. 4) Small amount of leakage: Mix with sand, dry lime or soda ash, or rinse with plenty of water. Dilute the water and put it into the wastewater system. Large amount of leakage: construct a dike or digging pit; use a pump to transfer to a tank truck or a special collector, and recycle or transport it to a waste disposal site for disposal.
Emergency treatment of hydrochloric acid leakage (same as sulfuric acid).
Firefighters must wear full-body acid-base fire-fighting suits when nitric acid leaks. Extinguishing media: misty water, carbon dioxide, sand.
5. How to deal with tank leakage of concentrated caustic soda solution
Skin contact: Immediately remove contaminated clothing and rinse with plenty of running water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention.
Eye contact: Immediately lift eyelids and rinse thoroughly with plenty of running water or saline for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention.
Fire-fighting method: use water, sand to save, but must prevent the item from splashing with water, causing burns.
6. How to manage highly toxic potassium cyanide? What should I do if there is a missing quantity?
Storage and transportation requirements: 1, can not be stored in the open air. 2. Strictly check whether the packaging is complete and sealed before storage and transportation. 3. Do personal protection. 4. The “five-double management system†should be strictly implemented for the drugs. 5. After the transportation and shipping are completed, it must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected.
Chapter IV Management of Dangerous Chemicals
1. What is the content of safety management of hazardous chemicals?
Answer: 1. Establish a sound safety production management organization.
2. Equipped with the necessary personnel familiar with safety production management, and clearly defined the authority and responsibility to provide organizational guarantee for safe production management.
3. Establish a complete safety production rules and regulations. By using the system to regulate behaviors, matters related to safe production are well-established, thus establishing a good order of safe production. The safety system is a prerequisite for safe production management.
4. Actively carry out safety production publicity and education. Improve the safety of employees.
5. Establish a good corporate safety culture, advocate safety first safety values, so that employees pay attention to safety production and know how to carry out production safely. This is a basic work.
6. Carry out routine safety production inspections, identify hidden dangers in time, and take corrective measures in time to eliminate hidden dangers. Security inspection is an important means of security management.
7. Develop a practical safety technology measures plan. Improve production conditions, make production equipment, work sites, safety facilities meet the requirements of national regulations, promote the application of safety protection technology, improve the level of safety protection; build new production projects, do a good job of "three simultaneous". The safety of production conditions provides material security for safe production.
The “three simultaneous†system refers to all new construction, reconstruction and expansion of capital construction projects (engineering), technological transformation projects (engineering), and introduced construction projects. Their occupational safety and health facilities must meet the standards set by the state and must be related to the main project. At the same time, design, construction, and investment in production and use. Generally referred to as the "three simultaneous" system.
2. What are the issues to be aware of when developing a safety system?
A: 1. Formulated according to law, combined with the actual 2. There are rules to follow, convergence and matching (unified standard legal system)
3. Scientific and reasonable, practical and feasible 4. Concise and concise, clear and specific
3. What are the safety management systems for hazardous chemicals?
Answer: (1) The system for the examination and approval of the production and storage of hazardous chemicals; (2) The registration and registration system for the production and storage of hazardous chemicals;
(3). The license system for the operation and sale of hazardous chemicals; (4) The certification system for the transportation of hazardous chemicals;
(5). Examination and fixed point management system for specialized production enterprises of packaging materials and containers for hazardous chemicals
4. What is the purpose of safety production education?
A: The purpose of safety production education is to make producers have good safety quality and constantly improve. When the safety quality of producers is universal, everyone attaches importance to safe production in thinking and knows how to carry out production safely. It is possible to avoid unsafe behaviors caused by neglect or ignorance of safety and reduce accidents caused by human error.
5. What is the content of safety production education?
A: Different educational objects and educational purposes have different specific contents, which can be roughly divided into two categories: security legal education and safety knowledge and skills education.
(1) Safety production legal education
Safety legal education aims to improve safety and ideological quality, mainly to study the country's safe production guidelines, policies, regulations and various safety production rules and regulations of enterprises, so that producers can understand the state's requirements for safe production management and be familiar with the safe production of the enterprise. The specific requirements and working procedures of management are clear about their responsibilities in safety production. Correctly understand the safety production policy, enhance the self-consciousness of obeying discipline, overcome the wrong ideas of heavy production, light safety, numbness, and luck, and strengthen the awareness of safety and self-protection.
In particular, hazardous chemical production enterprises must carefully study the relevant laws and regulations on the safety management of hazardous chemicals in the country, be familiar with the state's declaration and approval for the establishment, reconstruction and expansion of hazardous chemicals enterprises, production and business license application, production conditions and safety protection. Provisions on hazardous chemical grades, packaging, storage, handling, transportation, sales, and hazardous chemical accident rescue.
(2) Safety production knowledge and skills education
Safety knowledge and skills education aims to improve the quality of safety technology. The main content of education is basic occupational safety and health knowledge (including electrical safety, mechanical safety, fire and explosion prevention, dustproof and anti-virus) and safety related to the production of this enterprise and this position. Knowledge of technical knowledge and safe operating skills, as well as safety production management.
By learning relevant knowledge, the production workers can understand: what are the risk factors and harmful factors that exist in the production and possible; the safety protection measures to prevent personal injury or equipment damage caused by these dangerous and harmful factors can correctly dispose the dangerous and hazardous materials in production. Properly operate production equipment and handle faults; properly respond to accidents, prevent yourself from being hurt, prevent others from harming and prevent others from harming others. Make the personnel engaged in production management familiar with the methods of safety management and do a good job in safety production management within the scope of their respective business operations.
6. What is the form of safety production education?
Answer: 1. New workers entering the factory for three-level safety production education (new workers must carry out three levels of safety production education in factories, workshops, and teams before entering the factory. The time must not be less than 40 hours, and they can be employed after passing the examination.) 2 Change the safety production education of the work type or return to work after leaving the post. 3. Safety production education when changing production conditions.
7. Inspection form for safe production
Answer: 1. Daily inspection of production posts 2. Daily inspection of safety personnel 3. Regular comprehensive safety inspection 4. Professional safety inspection 5. Seasonal safety inspection
8. What are the disposal methods for hazardous chemicals?
Answer: Incineration method, neutralization method, decomposition method, absorption absorption method.
Chapter V Safety Management System for Hazardous Chemicals
1. Management system for hazardous chemicals?
Answer: 1. Approval system for the production and storage of hazardous chemicals 2. Registration system for hazardous chemicals 3. License system for the operation of dangerous chemicals 4. Certification system for the transport of dangerous chemicals 5. Professional production of packaging materials and containers for hazardous chemicals Corporate review and fixed point management system
2. What is the content of the transportation regulations for hazardous chemicals?
• Must be approved by the traffic safety management department and the security department to drive according to the specified route and time.
• Must be driven by a driver with a safe driving experience of 50,000 km and more than three years, and a person who is familiar with the nature of hazardous chemicals and has safety protection knowledge as a escort.
• Must be transported by freight car, and it is forbidden to use car trailers and other motor vehicles.
• The vehicle should be equipped with appropriate protective equipment according to the nature of the dangerous goods. Hazard signs should be inserted at the top of both sides of the compartment.
• A fire hood should be installed at the exhaust pipe muffler of the truck. The exhaust pipe of the flammable and explosive cargo special vehicle should be installed on the front side of the car and exhausted forward.
• Fireworks are strictly prohibited around the carriage.
• Tankers loaded with liquid and gaseous flammable and explosive materials must be grounded with an electrostatic chain; vehicles loaded with liquefied gas should have sun protection measures.
• Do not use iron floor vehicles when loading a Class I flammable liquid in an iron drum.
• Vehicles loaded with drugs should be cleaned and disinfected after use. Transport vehicles and boats must be thoroughly cleaned before they can continue to ship other dangerous chemicals.
• Do not mix with other goods; the load of flammable and explosive dangerous goods shall not exceed two-thirds of the weight of the cargo vehicle, and the stacking height shall not be higher than the compartment fence.
• When two or more vehicles are tracking and transporting, the minimum distance between the two vehicles is 50m. No emergency braking is allowed during driving. Overtaking is strictly prohibited.
• The stopover should be chosen at a safe location. The driver and the escort must not leave the vehicle before or after the cargo has been unloaded.
3. What are the prevention and control measures for hazardous chemical poisoning and pollution accidents?
A: The main measures currently taken are substitution, change of process, isolation, ventilation, personal protection and hygiene.
4. What are the disposal methods for hazardous chemicals?
Answer: Incineration method, neutralization method, decomposition method, absorption absorption method.
5. What is the way dangerous chemicals invade the human body?
A: Hazardous chemicals can enter the body through the respiratory tract, digestive tract and skin.
6. What are the hazards of industrial toxicity hazardous chemicals to humans?
A: Stimulation, allergies, suffocation, anesthesia and coma, poisoning, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, pneumoconiosis. Asphyxia is divided into simple asphyxia, blood suffocation and intracellular asphyxia.
7. How to rescue the scene of acute poisoning?
A: 1 The rescuer is on site. The ambulance personnel should protect their respiratory skin before ambulance. Wear protective oxygen masks or oxygen breathing apparatus if you wear protective clothing.
2 Cut off the source of toxic hazardous chemicals. The ambulance personnel should promptly move the poisoned person to a place where the air is fresh and well ventilated. During the rescue and transportation process, you can't force the deadlift to prevent trauma, and make the condition worse. You should loose the patient's clothes, belt and supine to keep the airway open. Also pay attention to keep warm. After the ambulance personnel enter the scene, in addition to the rescue of the poisoned person, they should also carefully check and take effective measures, such as closing the leaking pipeline valve, plugging the equipment leakage, stopping the transport of materials, etc. to cut off the source of toxic hazardous chemicals. For toxic gases or vapors that have leaked out, the ventilation and detoxification facilities should be activated quickly or the doors and windows should be opened, or the neutralization treatment should be carried out to reduce the concentration of dangerous chemicals in the air, which will create favorable conditions for the rescue work.
3 Quickly remove clothes, shoes, gloves, gloves, etc. contaminated with toxic hazardous chemicals, and thoroughly clean the skin contaminated with toxic hazardous chemicals with plenty of water or detoxification solution. Care should be taken to prevent the cleaning agent from promoting the absorption of toxic hazardous chemicals and respiratory poisoning caused by the cleaning agent itself. For viscous and toxic hazardous chemicals, it can be washed with plenty of soapy water (the enemy can not be washed with alkaline liquid), especially the skin wrinkles, hair and nails. For water-soluble toxic dangerous chemicals, it should be used first. Cotton wool and dry cloth should be wiped off with toxic hazardous chemicals and rinsed with water.
4 If the toxic dangerous chemicals cause acute poisoning through oral administration, for non-corrosive toxic dangerous chemicals, the gastric lavage should be quickly washed with 1/5000 potassium permanganate solution or 1% to 2% sodium bicarbonate solution, and then sulfuric acid should be used. Magnesium solution catharsis. For corrosive and toxic hazardous chemicals, it is generally not suitable for gastric lavage. It can be applied with egg white, milk or aluminum hydroxide gel to protect the gastric mucosa.
5 poisoning patients with oxygen. If the patient stops breathing or has a cardiac arrest, resuscitation should be performed immediately. At the same time as taking on-site rescue measures, vehicles or stretchers should be prepared to promptly deliver the poisoned people to the hospital for treatment.
Chapter VI Out of Control Reaction and Prevention of Petrochemical Systems
1. What is the definition of runaway reaction?
Answer: The out-of-control reaction in petrochemical system means that due to the imbalance of normal process conditions and the heat release rate of the reaction exceeds the heat dissipation rate, the heat accumulation, temperature rise, reaction speed of the system are further accelerated, the vapor pressure is too large, and the reaction materials are decomposed and burned. And the resulting uncontrolled response.
2. What are the characteristics of chemical production?
Answer: (1) The risk of materials involved in production is large; (2) The production process has a high degree of continuity; (3) The production equipment is large; (4) The production process conditions are harsh; (5) The production process is highly automated. .
3. What are the tasks of chemical safety production?
Answer: First, protect the safety and health of workers during the production process, prevent accidents and occupational hazards; secondly, prevent other types of accidents during the production process, ensure the continuous and normal operation of production equipment, and protect state property. Suffered from loss.
4. What are the five reasons for the loss of control of the thermal reaction?
Answer: 1) The reaction heat cannot be removed in time, the reactants can not be uniformly dispersed and the operation is wrong; 2) The coolant is not properly selected, the heat exchange equipment can not derivate the excessive heat in the reactor in time, and the heat transfer effect due to the wall fouling Deterioration, failure of coolant supply equipment, blockage of heat exchange system, etc., may cause the reaction heat to fail to be removed in time; 3) power failure, agitation system failure, blade damage, insufficient rotation speed, improper blade shape, material crushing degree If it is not enough, the reaction material will be dispersed unevenly in the device, resulting in poor heat dissipation or partial reaction. 4) The material is delivered too fast, the catalyst is added too much, the ratio of raw materials, the order and timing of the feed are improper, and the coolant valve is incorrectly switched. ; 5) The temperature rise rate is too fast, the temperature, the pressure indicator number is wrong, the metering instrument is faulty, etc., which can cause abnormalities in the chemical reaction of the material.
5. What are the control measures for runaway reactions?
A: The following measures should be taken to prevent uncontrolled reactions:
(1) Improve the process to improve intrinsic safety. (2) Minimize the possibility of human error. (3) Understand various events that may cause overpressure and eventually cause damage to the container. (4) Use the lessons learned. (5) Evaluation of standard operating procedures. (6) Evaluate employee training and negligence. (7) Evaluate measures to prevent runaway reactions. (8) Evaluate the effectiveness of the emergency venting system. (9) Handling of emergencies. 1 power outage. 2 stop the water. 3 stop the steam. (10) Safety and security devices. Four categories: 1 alarm signal device. 2 safety devices. 3 security interlocks. 4 fire retardant equipment.
Chapter VII Chemical Occupational Disease Prevention Measures
1 definition of occupational disease?
A: It is a specific disease caused by production during the production and labor of employees. It has a direct causal relationship with certain occupational factors and certain regularities.
2. What is chemical poison and poisoning?
A: After a chemical substance enters the human body, it physically or chemically interacts with the human body. It can destroy the normal physiological functions of the human body and even affect life. This substance is called a poison. These materials, if they are raw materials, semi-finished products, by-products, products or wastes in the chemical production process, are called chemical poisons. Toxic causes the body's lesions to be poisoned. (acute, subacute, chronic poisoning three)
3 How to prevent occupational diseases (what measures)? Which three aspects should be strengthened in the management of organizational management measures?
Answer: 1. Organizational management measures 2. Scientific and technological measures 3. Health care measures 4. Personal protective measures
In the organization and management measures, management should be strengthened from the following three aspects: 1. Strict implementation of various management systems 2. Consciously accepting safety and health education 3. Holding a safety operation permit
4. What are the four common types of substances that can cause chemical burns?
Answer: (1) Acidic substances (2) Basic substances (3) Metals, metalloid compounds (4) Organic compounds
5. What are the common physical and harmful factors?
A: High temperature, noise, vibration, radiation.
Due to the different causes of noise, it can be divided into aerodynamic noise, mechanical noise and electromagnetic noise.
The characteristics of vibration are represented by three elements: amplitude, period, and frequency.
There are three kinds of radiation: α, β, and γ.
Chapter VIII Common Problems in the Management of Chemical Dangerous Goods
2. What are the ways in which poisons invade the human body? What are the types of poisoning?
A: 1) respiratory tract 2) skin 3) digestive tract. Acute, chronic (Pb) and subacute poisoning, such as SO2 and Hg.
3. What are the hazards of industrial poisons to the human body?
A: Stimulation, allergies, suffocation, anesthesia and coma, poisoning, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, pneumoconiosis.
5. According to the cause and nature of the occurrence, which three categories can be classified into explosions?
Answer: (1) Physical explosion: This kind of explosion is generally caused by the pressure of the gas in the container rising beyond the pressure that the container can withstand, causing the container to rupture. Such as boilers, high pressure gas cylinders and other pressure vessels, tire explosions, etc.
(2) Chemical explosion: a high-temperature exothermic chemical reaction occurs in a substance, causing an explosion. There are two main types of chemical reactions: one is a decomposition of some substances (such as ethylene, ethylene oxide, etc.) or some explosives; The other type is the sudden oxidation reaction of combustibles and oxidants, such as explosion of explosives, explosion of combustible gas or mixture of dust and air, etc., which should be the focus of prevention.
(3) Atomic explosion (nuclear explosion): The nucleus of certain substances undergoes a fission reaction, and an explosion is formed by instantaneously releasing huge energy. For example, the atomic bombing is a fission reaction of uranium-235 or plutonium-239. The heavier nuclear splits into lighter nuclei to release huge nuclear energy (1 g of uranium-235 complete fission emits energy equivalent to 20,000 tons of TNT explosive energy).
7. What is a pyrophoric item?
Answer: Self-igniting articles are articles that have low self-ignition points, are susceptible to physical, chemical or biological reactions in the air, and emit heat to burn themselves. Such as: yellow phosphorus, containing coal, accumulated oil immersion, celluloid, nitrocellulose, metal sulfide, stacked plants, etc. are common spontaneous combustion items.
8. What is corrosive?
A: A solid or liquid that can burn human tissue and cause damage to metals and other items. Contact with the skin showed visible necrosis within 4 hours, or a solid or liquid with a uniform annual corrosion rate of 20.25 mm on the surface of No. 20 steel at a temperature of 55 °C.
13. The custodians of the flammable and explosive chemical warehouses should do “three checks a dayâ€, what is the content of “three times a dayâ€?
A: The custodians of the flammable and explosive chemical warehouses are “three times a dayâ€, that is, after work, during work, before and after work, check whether the code is firm, check whether the package is leaking, whether the power supply is safe, and check the temperature inside the warehouse. In the rain and snow days, check if there is rain or snow entering the warehouse.
18. Why is there a fire barrier in the chemical tank area?
A: The fire dam or dike is an effective facility to prevent the spillage of kerosene, reduce the scope of the disaster and recover some of the oil. If collapse, holes and cracks, and dry grass are not removed in time, it will pose a threat to safety.
20. Why should I always check the lightning protection facilities and grounding of the tank?
Answer: If the lightning receptor, the down conductor and the grounding device are broken or loose, the lightning path will be affected; the grounding resistance will increase, which will affect the lightning current, and it will be vulnerable to lightning during the thunderstorm season, causing a fire accident.
30. Why is fire prevention and explosion protection the focus of gas welding and gas cutting safety work?
Answer: 1) The medium used for gas welding and gas cutting, such as calcium carbide and acetylene, has a high risk of explosion and explosion, and oxygen is present at the same time. Once the fire source is encountered, it is easy to cause combustion and explosion.
2) The acetylene generator is a device that is prone to fire and explosion. In the event of tempering, acetylene hoses and oxygen hoses may also explode.
3) In places where combustible explosive mixtures and other flammable materials are present, gas welding, molten beads and slag generated during gas welding and gas welding may become the ignition source of fire and explosion accidents. The temperature of the acetylene-oxygen flame is 3100~3300°C. The larger beads and slag can splash to a distance of 5 meters from the operating point. If a combustible explosive mixture or combustible flammable material is encountered, a fire and explosion may occur. .
Therefore, fire and explosion are the main hazards of gas welding, and fire and explosion protection is the focus of gas welding and gas cutting safety work.
33. What is the role of the safety valve? What are the different types?
A: Safety valves are safety devices that are designed to prevent explosions caused by excessive pressure in abnormal conditions in equipment and containers. When the pressure inside the equipment is too high, the safety valve will automatically open and automatically close when the pressure drops to a safe range to prevent the equipment from exploding due to excessive pressure. The general safety valve is 1.05~1.10 times of the pressure operating pressure.
Safety valves are classified into gravity type, lever type, spring type, etc. according to their structure and function principle. When the working temperature is high and the pressure is not too high, the lever type is suitable; the high-pressure equipment should be spring type; the spring type safety valve is generally used.
Hand Pallet,Manual Pallet Jack,Hand Pallet Jack,Hydraulic Pallet Truck
Guangdong Gongyou Lift Slings Machinery CO.,LTD , https://www.workmatehoist.com