"Nature" and "Science" Week (3.12-3.18) Frontiers of Materials Science

1. Epitaxial lift-off of electrodeposited single crystal gold foil
(Epitaxiallift-off of electrodeposited single-crystal gold foils for flexible electronics) Mahenderkar et al. introduced a low-cost, simple method for wafer epitaxial stripping of transparent transparent single crystal gold foil using silicon as a template. The lateral electrochemical underlayer growth of the sacrificial SiOx layer is achieved by photoelectrochemical silicon oxide under illumination. The 28 nm thick gold foil with a sheet resistance of 7 ohms/square increased resistance by only 4% after 4000 bending cycles. Spin-coating of a tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-based flexible organic light-emitting diode on such a gold foil can fully utilize the transmittance and flexibility of the gold foil. The epitaxial electrodeposition of cuprous oxide as an inorganic semiconductor onto a gold foil exhibits a diode quality factor n of 1.6 (n = 1.0 for an ideal diode) and a polycrystalline deposition of 3.1. Epitaxial electrodeposition of zinc oxide nanowires on gold foil also showed good flexibility, and the nanowires remained intact after up to 500 bending cycles. (Science DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5830)

2. Direct observation of a single hydrogen atom at the capture site in ferritic steel
(Directobservation of individual hydrogen atoms at trapping sites in a ferritic steel) Limiting the diffusion of hydrogen by designing atomic-scale microstructure traps is a key strategy in the development of anti-hydrogen embrittlement materials. For bearing steels, the introduction of finely dispersed V-Mo-Nb carbides in the ferrite matrix can be an effective capture mechanism. Chen et al. first added ruthenium to ferritic steel by electrolytic loading to achieve high hydrogen concentration, and then fixed it in the microstructure by low temperature transfer method before performing atom probe tomography (APT) analysis. They used APT to demonstrate the quantitative compositional distribution of hydrogen captured in the core of these carbides. In addition, this experiment can be repeated in any laboratory equipped with APT with a simple cold chain. (Science DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2418)

3. Using intermolecular repulsion to control the growth of multiple ordered heterogeneous molecular phases
(Controlling the growth of multiple ordered heteromolecular phases by utilizing intermolecular repulsion) In order to improve and develop future electronic devices, metal/organic interfaces and their structures, electrons, spins and thermodynamic properties have been studied intensively. In this case, the heterogeneous molecular phase can easily add new design opportunities by combining different molecules. However, it is a challenging task to control the ideal phase in such a complex system. Henneke et al. report an efficient method for effectively controlling the growth of bimolecular systems consisting of adsorbed nuclides with repulsive and inductive interactions. The nuclides form a two-dimensional lattice gas whose density determines which crystal phase is stable. The critical gas phase density determines the constant phase diagram depicting experimental observations, including eutectic regions with three coexisting phases. For binary systems containing two-dimensional gas phases, Henneke et al. estimated the general validity of this type of phase diagram and also demonstrated that the density of the gas phase allowed interface structure regulation. (Nature Materials DOI: 10.1038/NMAT4858)

4. Solar energy is directly converted into hydrogen energy
(Directsolar-to-hydrogen conversion via inverted metamorphic multi-junctionsemiconductor architectures) Solar desorption of multi-junction photoelectrochemical cells provides a means of storing solar energy directly into the form of hydrogen bonds. To produce hydrogen economically and economically, high conversion efficiencies are needed to reduce the cost of system balancing. In the case where the photovoltage is sufficient, the hydrolysis efficiency is proportional to the photocurrent of the device, which can be tuned by a suitable choice in combination with the optimal semiconductor bandgap. Young et al. reported a highly efficient, immersed hydrolysis electrode by inverse metamorphic epitaxy and a transparent gradient buffer that allows the band gap of each junction to vary independently. By using a buried pn junction, the voltage loss at the electrolyte interface is reduced by 0.55V compared to a conventional uniform p-doped photocathode. Through advanced solar benchmarking, spectral correction, and verification of incident photons into current efficiency, the results show that the use of a GaInP/GaInAs series absorber produces more than 16% solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency, compared to the classic high efficiency series. The III-V family has a 60% improvement. (Nature Energy DOI: 10.1038/nenergy.2017.28)

5. Magnetic polaron on the spin of the dangling bond
(Magneticpolaron on dangling-bond spins in CdSe colloidal nanocrystals) Non-magnetic colloidal nanostructures can exhibit typical magnetic properties of dilute magnetic semiconductors because the spin of the dangling bonds at their surface can act as a local spin of the magnetic ions. Biadala et al. observed dangling magnetic polarization (DBMP) in CdSe colloidal nanocrystals (NC) with a diameter of 2.8 nm. The DBMP binding energy measured by spectral displacement of the emission line under selective laser excitation is 7 meV. The formation of polarons at low temperatures occurs by the optical orientation of dangling bond spins (DBS), while the dangling bond spins are produced by the radiation recombination of spin-inhibited dark excitons with the help of dangling bonds. A temperature-dependent simulation of DBMP binding energy and emission intensity shows that DBMP is composed of dark excitons and approximately 60 DBS. The exchange integral of a DBS with electrons confined in the NC is approximately 0.12 meV. (Nature Nanotechnology DOI: 10.1038/NNANO.2017.22)

6. Photoelectrochemical hydrolysis in separated oxygen and hydrogen electrolysis cells
(Photoelectrochemicalwater splitting in separate oxygen and hydrogen cells) Solar hydrolysis provides a promising route for sustainable production of hydrogen and solar energy storage. Reducing hydrogen production costs is one of the biggest challenges in achieving this technology on a large scale. Among them, the conventional electrolyzer structure, that is, hydrogen and oxygen are produced in the same battery, and is an important challenge that must be dealt with in the direct conversion of solar energy and water into hydrogen. Landman et al. overcome this problem by separating hydrogen and oxygen units. The ion exchange in the battery is regulated by the auxiliary electrode, and the cells are connected to each other only by the metal wires, so that hydrogen gas can be concentratedly generated. When hydrogen is produced in a separate cell, its solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency is 7.5%, which can easily exceed 10% using standard commercial components. A comparison of the underlying costs shows that Landman et al.'s approach can compete with traditional photoelectrochemical systems to enable safe and economical solar hydrogen production. (Nature Materials DOI: 10.1038/NMAT4876)

7. Solar driven recombinant lignocellulose into hydrogen
(Solar-driven reforming of lignocellulose to H2 with a CdS/CdOx photocatalyst Lignocellulose is the most abundant form of biomass on Earth, and the production of H2 is an important goal for the production of renewable fuels. The use of solar-driven photocatalysis to reform lignocellulose to hydrogen at ambient temperature provides a sustainable approach to achieving this goal, but the reaction is currently limited to noble metal-containing systems with low activity under ultraviolet light. . Wakerley et al. used a semiconductor cadmium sulfide quantum dot in an aqueous alkaline solution to effect light-driven formation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin to H2. They also demonstrated the basic conditions that led to the in situ coating of these oxides/hydroxides and proposed a way to improve their photocatalytic properties. The system remains stable after more than six days of operation in visible light, and can even modify unprocessed lignocellulose, such as wood and paper, under room temperature solar radiation. This provides a low cost method for the reduction of aqueous protons to H2 by waste biomass oxidation. (NatureEnergy DOI: 10.1038/nenergy.2017.21)

8. Solvent-switchable continuous breathing characteristics and its effect on CO2 vs. CH4 selectivity
(Solvent-switchablecontinuous-breathing behaviour in a diamondoid metal–organic framework and itsinfluence on CO2 versus CH4 selectivity) An understanding of flexible metal-organic framework (MOF) properties (porous crystalline materials undergoing structural changes upon exposure to external stimuli) can be supported for specific responsive materials such as gas separation, molecular sensing, catalysis, and drug delivery. design. The reversible transformation of MOF between open and closed cell forms (called "breathing" behavior) is usually produced by crystal transformation. In contrast, continuous breathing is rare and its detailed characterization is still very limited. Carrington et al. demonstrated a continuous respiratory mechanism by studying single-crystal diffraction of MOF (Me2NH2)[In(ABDC)2] (ABDC, 2-aminobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid) with a diamond-like network. Desolvation of MOF in two different solvents produced two polymorphic activation forms with different pore openings, significantly different gas adsorption capacities, and different CO2 to CH4 selectivity. Partial desolvation introduces a gated pressure associated with CO2 adsorption, indicating that the framework can also have a combination of step and continuous breathing. (Nature Chemistry DOI: 10.1038/NCHEM.2747)

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