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Solar distiller tested in the Ligurian Sea (Varazz, Italy).
The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that by 2025, nearly 2 billion people may not have enough drinking water to meet their daily needs. One possible solution to this problem is to desalinate seawater, that is, treat seawater to make it drinkable. However, the energy required to remove salinity from seawater is 10 to 1000 times that of traditional freshwater supply (that is, taking water from rivers or wells).
Based on this problem, a team of engineers from the Department of Energy of the Polytechnic University of Turin has designed a new seawater desalination prototype to desalinate seawater in a sustainable and low-cost manner, making more efficient use of solar energy. Compared with previous solutions, this technology can double the water production of a given solar energy, and may further increase efficiency in the near future. The young researchers who recently published these findings in the journal Nature Sustainability consisted of Eliodoro Chiavazzo, Matteo Morciano, Francesca Viglino, Matteo Fasano, and Pietro Asinari (multiscale modeling laboratory).
The working principle of this technology is very simple: inspired by plants, plants transport water from roots to leaves through capillary action and transpiration, and our floating device can collect seawater using low-cost porous materials, thus avoiding the use of expensive and bulky Pump. The collected seawater is heated by solar energy to maintain the separation of salt and evaporated water. Matteo Fasano and Matteo Morciano explained that this process can be isolated by inserting a membrane between contaminated water and drinking water to avoid their mixing, which is similar to some plants that can survive in the marine environment (such as mangroves).
Mangroves can grow in salt water
Traditional seawater desalination technology requires expensive machinery or electronic components (such as pumps and / or control systems) and requires specialized technicians for installation and maintenance. The team ’s proposed seawater desalination method is based on a spontaneous process without the need for auxiliary machinery and energy. Therefore it is called passive technology. All of this makes the device very cheap in nature and easy to install and maintain. The latter feature is particularly attractive in coastal areas where there is a chronic lack of drinking water, where infrastructure and investment are lacking.
So far, a well-known disadvantage of passive technology compared to active technology is its low efficiency. Researchers at Politecnico di Torino have encountered this obstacle in innovation: previous research has focused on how to maximize the use of solar energy, and we have turned our attention to more effective absorption of solar thermal energy Management. In this way, our productivity has reached a record level, producing up to 20 litres of drinking water per square meter per day. The reason for the improved performance is the recovery of solar heat during several cascade evaporation processes. The technology based on this process is often referred to as multi-effect, and here we provide evidence that this strategy is also very effective for passive desalination technology.
After more than two years of research and development and direct testing in the Ligurian Sea (Varazz, Italy), engineers claimed that this technology may have an impact on remote coastal areas where there is little drinking water but sufficient solar energy. Especially in developing countries. In addition, the technology is particularly suitable for providing safe, low-cost drinking water in emergencies, such as in areas affected by floods or tsunamis, which are isolated from power grids and water pipelines for days or weeks. A further application of this technology is envisioned as a floating garden for food production, which is an interesting option, especially in overpopulated areas.
Researchers continue to study this problem at the Water Purification Center of the Polytechnic University of Turin, and now they are looking for possible industrial partners to make the prototype more durable, scalable and versatile. For example, the engineering version of the device can be used in coastal areas where over-exploitation of groundwater leads to saltwater infiltration into freshwater aquifers (this is a particularly serious problem in some areas of southern Italy), or it can be used to treat contaminated water from industry or mining sites .
(Originally from: Daily Science China New Energy Network Synthesis)
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