With the development of the livestock and poultry industry, the scale of livestock and poultry farms and breeding has been increasing and expanding. The excrement of livestock and poultry production and the effects of toxic and harmful residues brought by livestock and poultry products on the ecological environment and human health. More and more. Therefore, fully understand the seriousness of ecological and environmental pollution caused by livestock and poultry production, implement nutrition strategies to control, reduce and eliminate the ecological environment pollution of livestock and poultry production, protect the ecological environment and human health, and realize the economic and social benefits of livestock and poultry production. Maximizing ecological benefits is an important topic that animal nutrition workers must study today.
I. Livestock and poultry production on the ecological
Environmental pollution
The pollution of livestock and poultry production to the ecological environment is mainly manifested in the following aspects.
1. Contamination of feces and urine excreta
Farm livestock and poultry excrement is the main source of pollution to the ecological environment. According to statistics, a large farm that feeds 10,000 chickens can produce up to 1 t of feces per day and about 360 tons of excrement per year. l The daily excrement of pigs is 6kg, the annual output of manure is about 2.5t, the daily output of a 10,000-head pig farm is 60t, and the annual output of manure is 25000t. With an annual population of 500 million pigs, the annual output of manure is about 1.25 billion tons. If these excreta are discharged at will and not properly treated, it will inevitably pollute the water, air, animals and plants in the surrounding environment. In recent years, due to the lack of attention to certain farms, excrement and excretion has become a major public hazard, causing odors and smoke around the farm, breeding of mosquitoes and flies, bacterial reproduction, and spread of epidemics, seriously affecting the lives and work of the surrounding residents. And good health.
2. Water pollution
If the livestock and poultry urine, the sewage from the washing site, and the sewage from the rainwater flushing the manure pile directly flow into the river, it will seriously pollute the water source in the downstream area and cause pollution to the water quality. In addition, a large amount of phosphorus and nitrogen in the feed cannot be effectively excreted by livestock and poultry, resulting in high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the livestock and poultry farm sewage. If the poultry farm sewage directly flows into the fish pond, it will cause eutrophication of the water body, causing the proliferation of algae and other plankton, which will cause the water body to lack oxygen and affect the growth and even death of the fish. Contaminants such as livestock, manure and urine will not only pollute the surface water, but also toxic and harmful components can easily enter the groundwater and seriously pollute the groundwater. The increase of toxic components in groundwater and exceeding the standard will directly endanger human health.
3. Odor pollution
If the manure produced by the farm is not effectively treated, it will emit an unpleasant smell and seriously pollute the ecological environment. The foul odor mainly comes from feces, sewage, litter, feed, the decomposition of livestock and poultry carcasses, gas in the digestive tract, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and pheromone secretions. The malodorous composition of livestock and poultry farms is very complicated. The composition and strength of the foul odor will be different depending on the method of defecation, the composition of the diet, the treatment of feces and sewage. The main components of malodor generally include sulfides, organic acids, phenols, base-based substances, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, heterocyclic compounds, hydrocarbons and the like. These substances are mainly produced by carbohydrates and nitrogen-containing organic substances. Decomposition under anaerobic conditions releases irritating special odors, which affect human and animal health when present in high concentrations. In addition, ruminants such as cattle and sheep produce a large amount of methane and other gases that pollute the atmosphere, which will aggravate the formation of the greenhouse effect.
4 Potential residual pollution of toxic and hazardous substances
At present, most of the livestock and poultry products have the problem of pollution of toxic and hazardous substances to varying degrees, the most important being veterinary drugs. Excessive drug residues such as human drugs, antibiotics, hormones, disinfectants, and pesticides. The main causes of drug residues are: illegal use of illegal drugs, such as clenbuterol (clenbuterol); second, abuse of antibacterial drugs, such as human cephalosporin, spiramycin. The use of the product; the third is the non-standard medication or non-compliance with the withdrawal period, such as the use of trace elements in large doses or slaughter livestock before the withdrawal period; the fourth is the residue of pesticides in the feed ingredients. These will cause residual pollution of livestock and poultry products. At the same time, these drugs are discharged along with livestock manure and urine, polluting soil and water sources, thereby polluting the entire human living environment and enriching the human body through food intake, affecting human health.
Second, the nutritional strategy to control the ecological environment pollution of livestock and poultry production
1. Formulation technology using ecological nutrient feed
Eco-nutrient feed is the use of the theory and method of ecological nutrition, focusing on solving the pollution of livestock and poultry products and reducing the environmental pollution of livestock and poultry, and the strict quality from the purchase of raw materials, formula design, processing and feeding methods. Control and implement animal nutrition regulation to control, reduce or eliminate possible public and livestock pollution and environmental pollution, and achieve low cost, high efficiency and low pollution. Using the formulation technology of ecological nutrient feed, at least 90% of the raw material selection is required to be derived from the identified green products and their by-products, and other feed ingredients may be foods that meet the green food standard. In order to improve the utilization rate of feed nutrients, it is necessary to pay attention to the selection of high digestion and metabolism rate when selecting raw materials. Raw materials with small nutrient variation. According to the nutritional needs of different animal species, different genders and different growth stages, it is necessary to estimate the nutrient requirements and the utilization rate of each nutrient in each stage of the animal as accurately as possible, and design a diet with the same nutritional level and animal physiological needs. Reduce nutrient waste and environmental pollution. Using an ideal protein model, based on the digestible amino acid content, a balanced diet that meets animal needs is formulated to increase protein utilization and reduce nitrogen excretion. In the feed processing technology, the expansion and granulation processing technology is used to destroy and inhibit the anti-nutritional factors, toxic and harmful substances and microorganisms in the feed to improve feed hygiene, improve the digestion and metabolism rate of nutrients, and reduce the discharge amount. When formulating a diet, it is not advisable to consider a diet formulation that takes into account animal performance without regard to environmental impacts and resource use. Dietary optimization of various factors should be considered. Considering the nutritional needs and maximum production performance of animals, production performance, environmental protection and resource utilization should be considered comprehensively.
2 use non-toxic side effects, no residue of safe feed additives
(l) Microecological preparations Microecological preparations are also called live bacteria agents. Bacterial agent refers to a live bacterial preparation prepared by a special process using normal beneficial microorganisms in an animal.
(2) oligosaccharide
Oligosaccharides include mannooligosaccharides, fruit polyoligosaccharides, and beta-glucans. Feed oligosaccharides have the effect of preventing disease and promoting growth. According to reports, dextran has a significant improvement in the feeding effect of soybean meal-type feed, which can increase the daily weight gain of piglets. The addition of oligofructose to piglet diets can increase the daily weight gain of piglets, and its effect is superior to antibiotics such as bacitracin and sulfate.
(3) Enzyme preparation
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