For some time, the topic of rare earth resources has been very sharp and lively. Why does the United States seal up large mines rich in rare earth resources? What is the strategic intention of Japan to import a large amount of rare earth resources? What is the important use of rare earth materials? In the context of the sharp decline in China's rare earth resources, the United States and Japan have repeatedly put pressure on China to force China to continue to export rare earth resources cheaply. How can China effectively develop and protect rare earth resources? ... all kinds of questions and opinions deserve our serious study and discussion. China: Reduction of rare earth resource reserves shows evidence that in 2010, China exported 39,813 tons of rare earths, which was 9,555 tons higher than the original plan of 30,258 tons. At the same time, the smuggling of rare earths continues to flood, which in turn has aggravated the deterioration of private mining and piracy. According to statistics, in less than one year before and after 2009, China's customs continued to crack down on the large-scale smuggling of rare earths, involving a total of 10,000 tons of rare earths. Under the increasingly fierce competition for rare earth resources in the world, we should learn from the experience of some countries, plan to develop rare earth resources, and effectively use and protect rare earth resources. Development and protection are not abolished For a long time, China has exported a large amount of rare earth resources at a low price of “pork†or even “cabbageâ€, resulting in a sharp decline in the reserves of rare earth resources. In October 2009, Xu Guangxian, the father of the rare earth and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, pointed out in an interview with the media that the five southern provinces of China contain very valuable medium and heavy rare earths with an industrial reserve of 1.5 million tons, but they have already mined more than 900,000 tons. Only 600,000 tons remain, and according to the current mining speed, it has been mined in 10 years. At that time, we have to buy from the United States and Japan, they may "sell" rare earth materials at a hundred times and thousands of times. The waste of rare earth resources in China is amazing. According to Xu Guangxian, the annual mining of iron ore in Baotou Dongdong Mine contains 500,000 tons of rare earth, of which 10% is used, 10% is wasted, and the remaining 80% enters the tailings dam. The rare earth resources of the world's largest rare earth mine, Baiyun Obo, may disappear within 30 years. Xu Guangxian once wrote to the State Council twice in 2005 and 2006, and urgently called for the protection of the Baiyun Obo mine and rare earth resources to avoid radioactive pollution of the Yellow River and Baotou. Rare earths are strategic resources, both civilian and military. However, China has been exporting rare earth resources to the United States and Japan. China's practice of orderly management of the exploitation and trade of rare earth resources is in line with WTO rules. On this issue of principle, we cannot succumb to the pressures of other countries. The development process must protect the environment for a long period of time. In the process of developing rare earth resources in China, there are a series of problems such as extensive production methods and serious waste of resources. In particular, some enterprises have weak environmental awareness and environmental pollution. For example, for every ton of rare earth mined in the pool dipping process, 200 square meters of surface vegetation is destroyed, 300 square meters of topsoil is stripped, resulting in 2000 cubic meters of tailings, causing 1200 cubic meters of soil erosion every year. Li Guoqing, director of the Bureau of Mine Management of Quzhou City, Jiangxi Province, said: "Since the mid-to-late 1980s, under the influence of the mistaken idea of ​​'large mines opening, small mines releasing, and rapid water flow', the rare earth resources in Bozhou have been indiscriminate. The chaotic situation of excavation and disorderly competition is almost 1035 mines with mining licenses at the highest peak.†He pointed out: “Due to the backwardness of technology and ideas, many mining behaviors’ 'half half thrown' is not only serious. Wasted resources, but also caused great damage to the local ecological environment. After a few months of green hills, it was full of devastation and loess.†According to Liu Wei, deputy mayor of Chenzhou City, “To protect the environment and improve the utilization rate of rare earth resources, from 2003 Since the beginning of this year, Ganzhou City has completely stopped the pool leaching process with a comprehensive recovery rate of less than 50%. In 2007, it stopped the heap leaching process with a recovery rate of less than 70%, and actively explored and used all the in situ leaching with a recovery rate of over 80%. Mining process.†However, industry experts pointed out that even if the mining process is improved, it will not be able to avoid damage to the environment, and once the surface vegetation in the mining area is destroyed, recovery is very difficult. More than a year ago, the US "New York Times" website published an article entitled "Destructive Mining of Elements Conducive to the Earth", writing that some of the most green technologies in the world - from electric cars to energy-saving bulbs to large-scale wind power Machines --- rely on a special group of substances to be present. They are collectively referred to as rare earth elements, which are almost exclusively produced in China. Barium and strontium in rare earth elements are very scarce because they are the magic ingredients for green energy products. A very small amount of enamel can make the magnet in the motor 90% lighter, and the 铽 can make the bulb 80% energy efficient. 99% of the world's cockroaches and cockroaches are produced in China, and most of China's production comes from about 200 mines in northern Guangdong and neighboring provinces of Jiangxi. The exploitation of rare earth resources has seriously damaged the local ecological environment. The article said that Guyun Village, a small village in southeastern China, dense bamboo forest and banana forest, the traces of environmental damage are clearly visible, the brown-red plated soil has been cracked, the land under the valley is not born, there has been growing there. Green rice. The acidic substances used to extract rare earth elements eventually enter streams and rivers, destroy rice fields and fisheries, and pollute water sources. This may be the main reason why the US imports rare earth mines and imports rare earths from China. In 1986, China's rare earth production exceeded the United States. According to a report in the United States entitled "Rare Earth Elements - Global Supply Chain", in 2009, China's rare earth reserves were 36 million tons, accounting for 36% of global rare earth reserves, and the output was 122,000 tons, accounting for the world's rare earth production. 97%. In stark contrast, the US rare earth reserves are 13 million tons, accounting for 13% of the world's rare earth reserves, while the output is zero, and the required rare earth resources are mainly imported from China. Improving comprehensive economic and social benefits According to statistics, in 1980, the world's rare earth output was 26,000 tons. From 2007 to 2008, the annual global rare earth output reached 124,000 tons, of which China's largest output was 120,000 tons, accounting for 96.8 percent of global rare earth production. %, followed by India with 2,700 tons and Brazil with 650 tons. Rare earth reserves in the United States and the Commonwealth of Independent States account for 32.5% of global rare earth reserves, but so far rare earth production is almost zero; Australia's rare earth resources are abundant, but rare earth resources can be provided in a few years; developed countries such as Japan and the United States continue to import large amounts of rare earth resources. In December 2010, Germany's "Der Spiegel" reported that Germany will establish a research center for raw materials such as rare earths in 2011. The German scientific research community will contribute to ensuring the safe, sustainable and competitive raw materials for industrial development. However, this is not something that can be achieved in the short term. For a long time to come, global demand for rare earth resources will continue to increase, and prices of rare earth resources continue to rise. Based on the global supply and demand trend of rare earth resources and the reduction of China's rare earth resource reserves, China's policy should be, first, strengthen macro-control, further rectify and standardize development order, improve the recovery rate and utilization rate of rare earth resources; second, in the mining process In the process of continuously improving the production process, we will do everything possible to protect the ecological environment and not leave behind for future generations. Third, increase R&D investment, enhance technological innovation capabilities, master core patents and enhance core competitiveness, and increase the voice in the international market. The pricing power will improve the overall economic and social benefits. At the same time, it is necessary to establish a reserve system. Xu Guangxian, the father of rare earths, pointed out that the US Department of Defense and the Japanese Defense Agency have a strategic element reserve system, which stipulates that 35 elements including 16 rare earth elements are strategic elements. He suggested that we should also establish a strategic resource reserve system. Existing exploration of “industrial vitamins†in a few countries shows that 29 countries and regions around the world have rare earth resources, but mainly concentrated in several countries and regions. According to the US Geological Survey, the world's rare earth resources in 2009 were about 98.5 million tons, of which China accounted for 36.5%, the CIS countries accounted for 19.3%, the United States accounted for 13.2%, Australia accounted for 5.5%, and India accounted for 3.1%. Other countries and regions accounted for 22.3%. China's rare earth reserves once accounted for about 90% of global reserves. Since 1958, China has been mining rare earth resources. For more than 50 years, it has supplied a large amount of rare earth resources to other countries, and domestic rare earth reserves have decreased drastically. Especially since the 1990s, China's exports of rare earth resources have increased tenfold, and China's exports of rare earth resources have accounted for more than 90% of the world's total exports of rare earth resources. According to data quoted by the Shanghai Securities News in October 2010, the proportion of China's rare earth resource reserves in the world's proven total reserves of rare earth resources has dropped from 43% to 30% in the past 13 years, according to the current mining. At speed, China's rare earth resources can only sustain demand for the next 15 to 20 years. The United States has the third largest rare earth reserves in the world. In order to protect rare earth resources, the United States sealed up the largest mountain mine in China with a proven rare earth reserve of 4.3 million tons in 1997. US Science News quoted a new report on November 19, 2010, saying that a large number of rare earth deposits were found in 14 states, the largest known reserves of which are the Mountain Pass in California and Bokan in Alaska. Mountains and Bell Lodge Mountains in Wyoming. For the sake of national security and economic security, the United States is reorganizing its rare earth strategy and preparing to restart rare earth mining. The "Financial Times" website published in September 2010, entitled "America's Strategy for Restructuring Rare Earths", said: "The United States is rushing to take action to restore the raw materials necessary for the production of defense equipment and green technology in order to respond to the lead of China. The growing concern of the rare earth industry.†The article quoted the House of Representatives Kathy Dalkenber as saying: “If we do not take action to ensure that we have sufficient supply, then in terms of national security and economic security, our country will definitely be in danger. She has drawn up a bill to make the United States self-sufficient in the next five years. Australia is still a country with zero rare earth production, but investors expect Australia to become a major producer of rare earths within a few years. AFP, in October 2010, quoted Matthew James, vice president of corporate development at Linus Mining, Australia as saying: "Due to China's limited resources, China's domestic development needs and China's desire to improve domestic production efficiency, we believe that In the next five to ten years, China may become a net importer of rare earths." A rare earth investor said that people will soon "highly pay attention" to Australia. He said: "When you read the recent international literature on rare earth scarcity, you will find that Australia is mentioned. However, no one knows that Australia's rare earth reserves account for 46% of the world's rare earth reserves. Moreover, our mineral deposits may be The world is the richest and best.†Japan has no rare earth resources, but it is the country with the most reserves of rare earth resources. The Japan Times website cited data from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in October 2010 that 90% of Japan's rare earth supply depends on China. According to Liu Gang, a professor at the University of Okinawa in Japan, Japan has established a rare metal reserve system and base since 1993. It is estimated that the current stock of rare earths in Japan is sufficient for the country to use for at least 20 years. On October 10, 2010, the Hong Kong "Ming Pao" editorial pointed out that the technology giant Japan began implementing rare earth reserves as early as 20 years ago, and Japan's strategy has deep strategic intentions. Japan's rare earth reserves can be used for 50 years. On October 3, 2010, Agence France-Presse quoted Professor Taneda of Japan’s Teikyo University on the proposal to import rare earth resources: “In the long run, Japan should diversify its supply and better manage risk. 90% of supply depends on China. It is very tricky.†While Japan continues to import rare earth resources from China, it is expanding other sources. According to Agence France-Presse, on October 22, 2010, Japan and Vietnam are preparing to reach an agreement on joint development of rare earth resources. Vietnam's two rare earth mines provide at least 7,000 tons of rare earth resources per year, enough to meet more than 20% of Japan's rare earth demand. According to Japan's "Yomiuri Shimbun" on November 24, 2010, a Japanese trading company obtained the right to mine rare earth mines in Australia, and has reached a consensus with a local private enterprise on relevant issues. If the agreement is formally reached, Japan can ensure that about 8,500 tons of rare earths are obtained each year in the next few years, equivalent to nearly 30% of the annual demand for rare earths in Japan. Rare Earths - Gold in the 21st Century At present, the world has proven that rare earth resources are less than 100 million tons, which is a scarce and very important strategic resource. Xiong Jiaqi, a member of the expert group of the State Council Rare Earth Leading Group, said in an interview on March 19, 2010 that almost no one does not recognize that rare earth plays a vital role in strategic emerging industries such as new energy, energy conservation and environmental protection, and new materials. The role of "new energy and automation melting, the 21st century will become the century of the industrial revolution." The use of rare earth materials is very extensive and important. In April 2010, the president of Hunan Rare Earth Metal Materials Research Institute pointed out in an interview with the media that every element of rare earth can form hundreds of billions of industries. Therefore, rare earths are called "industrial vitamins." Rare earth resources are widely used in many industries, not only in high-tech industries, but also in the production of a large number of daily necessities such as mobile phones, computer hard drives, monitors, etc., which are inseparable from rare earths. Therefore, rare earth is also known as the "21st century gold". In April 2010, the article "China's Fuji Industry News" published "China's grasp of the fate of the US sharp weapon manufacturing industry" quoted a report published by the US Congressional Inspection Service (GAO), showing that China has mastered the US high technology. The life gate of weapons manufacturing. The article introduces that rare earth is the abbreviation of 17 kinds of elements such as é’, é’•, 镧, 铽, and platinum. It is an indispensable and irreplaceable element for various weapons and equipment such as precision guided weapons, radar and night vision goggles for making "smart bombs". . The US military industry will have to continue to rely on imports of rare earths from China in the next few years. At the end of 2009, the US Boeing 787 Dreamliner successfully tested. Its main structure is made of carbon fiber composite material and titanium material, which can save 20% fuel and reduce greenhouse gas emissions when sailing. The new materials used in this aircraft are related to raw materials such as rare earths and non-ferrous metals. The United States imports these raw materials from developing countries such as China at low prices, and then uses these raw materials to make new materials, assemble them into better-performing aircraft, and sell them at high prices to countries including China. The automotive industry and related transportation industries are the most energy-intensive areas, and the development of energy-efficient hybrid vehicles is closely related to rare earth elements. According to an article published in the January 2010 issue of the British newspaper The Independent, the annual production of Toyota's Prius hybrid vehicles will reach 1 million, and the production of each Prius car will require 16 kg of rare earth. Xiong Jiaqi believes: "This figure can be questioned. It may not be 16 kilograms of rare earth, but 16 kilograms of rare earth new materials." According to his calculation, a Prius car may have 10 applications for rare earths, including: application of rare earth hydrogen storage. Materials for batteries, motors using rare earth permanent magnet materials, exhaust gas treatment catalysts using rare earth catalysts, oxygen sensors, rubber ( 42940 , 465.00 , 1.09% ) tires, high-priced ceramics using rare earth materials, to reduce vehicle weight and emissions Rare earth alloys and glass used in ultraviolet light, etc.... A revolution in new energy vehicles is on the rise worldwide, and more and more auto manufacturers are embarking on the development of hybrid vehicles, and the demand for new rare earth materials will increase. . Lighting is also a major energy consumer, and many countries are developing energy-saving lamps. "Russian newspaper" reported in October 2010 that scientists at the Southern Scientific Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences are developing a special light bulb that consumes only 1/40th the power of traditional incandescent lamps. According to Tang Yuxuan, general manager of Hangzhou Daming Fluorescent Materials Co., Ltd., China produced 3 billion energy-saving lamps in 2009, accounting for 80% of the world's energy-saving lamps, 80% of which were sold abroad. The luminous efficacy of a 14-18 watt energy-saving lamp in a venue is equivalent to the luminous efficacy of a 100-watt tungsten lamp. Tang Yuxuan believes that from the perspective of energy-saving lamp production, it is inevitable to improve the service life of lamps. “A lamp, 2000 hours, 3,000 hours, or even 5,000 hours died. In this way, the phosphor was wasted, the lamp was wasted, the battery was wasted, and the rare earth resources were wasted.†He suggested that both the government and the market should Support real energy-saving, material-saving enterprises and products, and recycle rare earth luminescent materials in lamps. In 1987, rare earths began to be used in computer production and other electronic products. Later, rare earths are widely used in many high-tech industries, from wind turbines to missiles, mobile phones and lighting, especially rare earths to clean energy technologies. Rare earth belongs to the core materials of the clean energy industry, and even involves the core national security departments such as military high technology, which is related to strategic competition among countries. The US Patriot missile was able to accurately intercept incoming missiles thanks to the use of approximately four kilograms of tungsten-cobalt magnets and titanium-iron-boron magnets in its guidance system. The US "Aegis" system's spy-1 radar also uses magnets made from China's rare earths. Without these elements, the US "Aegis" will be "blind". As one of China's strategic emerging industries, the new materials industry represented by rare earth functional materials has become the blue ocean of the market. In the three fields of energy conservation, environmental protection, new energy, and new energy vehicles, rare earth functional materials have unparalleled advantages. Rare earth permanent magnets, luminescence, catalysis, hydrogen storage, polishing materials, etc., will become the stars of new materials in the future. Regarding the importance of rare earth resources, Deng Xiaoping once vividly said during the southern tour of 1992 that "there is oil in the Middle East and rare earth in China." Related links to extracting rare earth from Japanese wastes to "gold" according to Hong Kong's "Wen Wei Po" report, " The mining of urban mines is a focus of Japanese resource strategy in recent years. “Urban mines†are a metaphor for precious metals such as gold and platinum contained in discarded electronic products, as well as rare metals such as palladium and indium, because the total amount of resources contained in discarded products in many cities is equivalent to one. The content of "mine". And because of the rapid advancement in resource recycling technology, these "urban mines" are no less than or even more than natural minerals for Japan. Japan’s former Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Dong Chai Tie San, once inspected a Japanese mobile phone recycling plant, said that we found gold in the mobile phone. Not long ago, while the Japanese side frequently accused China of “discriminating†on rare earth exports, many Chinese media reported that Japanese companies purchased a large amount of broken glass from precision instruments from China to extract rare earth. Why is China's waste glass a baby in the eyes of the Japanese? Only advanced technology, there is no other way. Since the 1960s, Japan has been concentrating on how to improve the efficiency of the use of rare earth resources. In 1967, a Japanese company developed a "solvent extraction separation method" and applied it to industrial production, realizing the industrial application of separating dozens of similar elements in rare earths. Today, the Japanese industry has accumulated nearly 50 years of technology for the extraction and application of rare earths.
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